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Posts Tagged ‘Federal Reserve’

Something Is Changing

October 8th, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

You are not reading this letter for advice on the stock market or crypto so obviously that is not what I am talking about with respect to change. The change I am talking about, of course, is regarding interest rates. On September 17, 2025, the Federal Reserve reduced the federal funds rate by 25 basis points cut on September 17th as anticipated. Odds are currently high for another 25 basis point cut on October 29th (94.6% odds of cut per Bloomberg as of October 7, 2025).

We have talked about short-term cash yields and how the trend there has been lower. But the low yields for the past six months occurred on or about September 17th. On the short-term side, six-month US treasury bills bottomed at 3.75% on September 16th and are basically flat since, hence the continued high odds for another rate cut at the end of this month.

Yields on longer term US treasury ten-year notes hit their six-month low on September 17th, and just as I told you last month, yields have bounced higher since. This is early stage, but so far, the ten-year yield has done everything a change in trend needs. Look for higher yields on the ten-year note throughout year end and beyond.

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The End of a Move?

September 8th, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

Sideways market movements can often seem perplexing. Just when you think interest rates should move one way, they meander the other; seemingly for months on end.

Welcome to the summer of 2025. Four months of longer-term U.S. Treasury yields ending little changed. The volatility of April saw interest rates plunge, then jump to even higher rates in May. Here we are at the end of unofficial summer after Labor Day with interest rates working their way back down to…normal?

This is how the bond markets act like a market. Several steps forward, one back. We have been here before: from the interest rate highs of October 2023 to a low in September 2024 I wrote often about the frustrations of a market in a correction.

The part of the bond market I care most about is the longer bonds. On this day before the monthly employment numbers are released (yes, by the Bureau of Labor Statistics), the thirty-year bellwether treasury trades at 4.88% (all prices and yields per Bloomberg). This yield is 94% of the 5.18% high back on October 23, 2023, and is much higher than 3.89% correction low on September 17, 2024. The trend for long term interest rates remains higher as I have said since March 2020 and the long end of the market is the place to see that most clearly.

Short-term interest rates, indicated by the six-month treasury bill, show a different picture. Today’s 3.96% yield sits on top of the spike low of 3.92% on April 7, 2025, during the height of April’s volatility and is down substantially from the 5.59% high of August 29, 2023. This summer’s plunge of yield on the six-month treasury bill puts the odds of a Federal Reserve rate cut of 25 basis points on September 17th at 95%, again per Bloomberg.

The Federal Reserve is a follower in my book, a follower of the six-month bill. Usually, employment data confirms the recent direction of interest rates so it would not surprise me if short term yields continued lower and the Federal Reserve comes through on September 17th with this first rate cut since December 18, 2024.

Unfortunately, it is those with cash in money market funds and other short-term instruments like treasury bills that have seen the effects of lower yields. These are generally not the moves you want to see as a holder of cash: a diminishing of your income.

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Municipal Performance Lags

August 4th, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

What else is new? According to Bloomberg the municipal bond market is “logging its worst performance relative to US government debt since the start of the pandemic.” Municipals have lost 1% so far this year, trailing the 3% gain on US treasuries by about four percentage points.

Municipal bond pundits love to talk about supply and demand in the new issue market.  but over the long term, we believe that supply and demand should even out. As we have talked about for years, performance is determined not by owning the market, but by selecting your municipals with performance in mind.

We are in a bear market for bonds, and this means you have the wind in your face instead of at your back. Rising interest rates subtract from performance. Prior to the end of the bull market, falling interest rates gave a capital gain performance boost to portfolios. This trend change, in March 2020, makes performance figures in bonds look quite puny ever since.

For example, as of August 1, 2025, Vanguard Long-Term Tax-Exempt Fund Admiral Shares (VWLUX) reported total returns of -1.77%, +1.63%, and +0.18% for the one-, three-, and five-year periods, respectively (Source: Bloomberg).  You can pick your favorite municipal bond vehicle and it, unfortunately, will probably look fairly similar.

Similarity in the municipal market appears to be the rule in our four trillion-dollar market. Yes, managing assets is a matter of scale, as it appears most of the participants hold similar bonds. How else can I describe similar performance figures?

Owning the market has its advantages, particularly in a bull market. Owning seven stocks has its advantages as well, if they are THE seven stocks and the market continues as a bull. But owning the market in municipal bonds may not serve you as well as selecting your municipal bonds may serve you. Look at your statement over the past one-, three- and five-year periods or even longer.

In my opinion, the bear market for bonds is not complete. The asset gathering of Wall Street firms continues in municipals and watch any of their commercials; they are not selling the idea of buying in a bear market. Hard to fathom a bond market where our bellwether bond, the US Treasury 1.25% 5/15/2050 traded at over 100 in 2020 and consistently in the 50s or below for almost three years now, is worthwhile. Somebody, or something, owns that bond and hopefully it is not you. Have municipal bonds fared better than that bellwether? Perhaps, but who wants them; it is an indictment on owning long-term bonds in a bear market.

There are much better ways to keep your money safe and earn a worthwhile return at the same time. Individual municipal bonds are the key in a bond bear market. Individual bonds have maturity dates, unlike the mutual funds and exchange traded funds that are marketed however they are marketed. A maturity date is key; it was key to avoiding 5/15/2050 (then and now).

Since April 2025’s dramatic sell-off in bonds, interest rates have been trading in a range. How long this will continue, I do not know. But I do believe the trend is for higher interest rates despite seemingly everyone else continuing to invest in the municipal market, and its pathetic performance returns, hoping for better. The trend is not their friend, but it is ours.

Let me show you how The Select ApproachTM could work for you. For example, the Georgetown ISD bonds (below) is indicative of the general market. Look at those yields, below 3%, even before Friday’s rally (8/1/2025). We have options for short-term tax-exempt bonds; I suggest you consider them. We continue to find worthwhile bonds and I look forward to hearing from you.

Georgetown Independent School District, Texas

Unlimited Tax School Building and Refunding Bonds, Series 2025

Aa2 Moody Underlying AA Underlying S&P

Aaa Moody and AAA S&P on Permanent School Fund Guarantee

Due 2/15   Dated 8/26/25 Maturity 2/15/55

$334,005,000 Sold

Years   Maturity       Coupon        Yield*

1         2026             5.00%           2.52%

2         2027             5.00%           2.54%

3         2028             5.00%           2.57%

4         2029             5.00%           2.61%

5         2030             5.00%           2.75%

6         2031             5.00%           2.97%

7         2032             5.00%           3.10%

8         2033             5.00%          3.27%

9         2034             5.00%          3.38%

10       2035             5.00%          3.57%

11       2036**          5.50%          3.71%

12       2037**          5.50%          3.89%

13       2038**          5.50%          4.00%

14       2039**          5.00%          4.20%

15       2040**          5.00%          4.31%

16       2041**          5.00%          4.40%

17       2042**          5.00%          4.52%

18       2043**          5.00%          4.64%

19       2044**          5.00%          4.69%

20       2045**          5.00%          4.73%

21       2046**         5.25%          4.76%

22       2047**          5.25%          4.81%

23       2048**          5.25%          4.84%

24       2049**          5.25%          4.87%

25       2050**          5.25%          4.87%

30       2055**          5.25%          4.90%

*Yield to Worst (Call or Maturity) **Callable 2/15/35

Source: Bloomberg

This is an example of a new issue priced the week of 7/28/25. Provided for illustrative purposes only and is not a recommendation to buy or sell any specific investment.

Prices, yields and availability subject to change. Investment return and principal value of fixed income securities may fluctuate, and bond prices are subject to interest rate risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk.

Optimism Continues

July 1st, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

The year is half over, and I hope you have enjoyed every minute of it. Financially speaking, the markets have not done much of anything, which has aligns well with our investment strategy. You continued to earn worthwhile tax-free returns and we’ve identified several new opportunities over the past six months.

As we close out the first half of the year, both equities and fixed income show signs of strength. Stocks have bounced up nicely, while bond prices have only edged slightly higher over the past six weeks, resulting in slightly lower yields. For example, look at the Katy ISD bonds below compared to last month’s Fort Bend County Toll Road. Last month there were no maturities below 3%; this month the first six years are below 3%. Longer term yields move relatively little (not much optimism out there), so perhaps more bond investors have turned skittish and prefer short-term over long-term, or they are just more optimistic on short-term bonds.

Meanwhile, stocks continue to perform in their own world, with bonds seemingly benefitting slightly from their buoyancy. Such optimism and bounce up in stock prices should make the first half performance figures look strong. If we could weather the storm that was back in April, just think where we can go from here. Isn’t optimism contagious?

You are familiar with this ebb and flow of markets because that is what you are investing in: a market. We know as bondholders that performance does not always move up and to the right. But that is the hope/belief/reality for those investing in stocks. On the other hand, bondholders, particularly those who believed long-term bonds were not a part of a market, have seen their performance struggle for years.

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Bonds Make A Splash

June 3rd, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

For more than five years I have written the trend for long-term bond prices is down. Bonds have been in a bear market since the 2020 top in prices (low in yields). Our bellwether bond, the 1.25% of May 15, 2050, topped in price on August 6, 2020, just over 102 and on October 20, 2023, it hit its low of 43.25 (all prices and yields per Bloomberg).

How anyone could argue a case for owning long-term bonds is a mystery. We expected a correction of this steep decline, and the correction concluded at 56.185 on September 17, 2024, the day before the Federal Reserve first cut short term interest rates fifty basis points.

Since the Federal Reserve’s rate cut, long-term bond interest rates have soared and prices plunged, first to 46 on January 10, 2025, before correcting back up to 53 on April 3rd. This is when the US bond futures contract lost ten points in three days. Warning! Our bellwether fell back to 46 as a result but only able to recover to 49.

This past week the bellwether traded fractionally above 45 as it neared the 2023 low which I believe will eventually be taken out. At these prices the yield on this and other longest-term treasury bond is north of 5%. Will the yield hit 5.50%, 6%, or even 7%? Hard to say, but I can continue to say, and write, the trend for long-term bond prices remains down.

Cash is king. While investors may own a tremendous amount of cash, municipal bond investors almost exclusively own the market for municipal bonds. That is, municipal bond investors own long-term bonds which have performed poorly for them (close to break-even) over the past one-, three-, and five-year periods. The Bloomberg Municipal Bond Index has performed accordingly. Comparing performance to your municipal bond mutual fund of choice, or your favorite exchange traded fund ETF, and you will see similar poor results. When you compare it to your Select ApproachTM portfolio on your statement you will see a different, better reality. You do not own the market; your bonds are different.

Turning to short term yields, the Federal Reserve cut rates again on November 7th, 2024, and lastly on December 18th, 2024, for a total of 100 basis points. The six-month treasury bill was approximately 5.40% in June 2024, near its high. On December 18th the bill was about 4.30%, so the 100 basis points of Federal Reserve interest rate cuts were following the treasury bill yield. Last month, on April 7th, the treasury bill traded below 4% which might have indicated another 25-basis point cut, but last week the yield was 4.30%, the same level as December’s treasury bill interest rate.

At current treasury bill interest rates, there is little reason (or hope) for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates. Six-month treasury bills ran from near 0% in 2020 to their 5.4% high in June of 2024. Was the move down below 4% merely a correction? If so, treasury bills could also climb to new highs in yield.

Certainly, treasury bill yields hold sway over the returns of cash in one’s portfolio. We do not control these rates, but what we can control is not owning the market of municipal bonds and the poor performance such ownership has delivered these past umpteen years.

Focus on what you can control. My approach, The Select ApproachTM, has performed for years. The warnings in the bond market are over as it appears to me the next leg of the bond bear market is currently unfolding. Will this be the leg that finally gets bond investors attention? Or even worse, will this be the leg that gets the stock market’s attention?

Fort Bend County, Texas

Senior Lien Toll Road Revenue Refunding, Series 2025

A2 Moody Underlying A+ Underlying Fitch AA S&P AGM

Due 3/1   Dated 6/15/25 Maturity 3/1/55

$261,345,000 Sold

Years   Maturity       Coupon        Yield*

1         2026             5.00%           3.07%

2         2027             5.00%           3.09%

3         2028             5.00%           3.09%

4         2029             5.00%           3.16%

5         2030             5.00%           3.20%

6         2031             5.00%           3.27%

7         2032             5.00%           3.35%

8         2033             5.00%          3.43%

9         2034             5.00%          3.55%

10       2035             5.00%          3.65%

11       2036**          5.00%          3.79%

12       2037**          5.00%          3.92%

13       2038**          5.00%          4.01%

14       2039**          5.00%          4.11%

15       2040**          5.00%          4.22%

16       2041**          5.00%          4.35%

17       2042**          5.00%          4.46%

18       2043**          5.00%          4.55%

19       2044**          5.00%          4.63%

20       2045**          5.00%          4.69%

21       2046**         5.00%          4.76%

22       2047**          5.00%          4.82%

25       2050**          5.25%          4.86%

30       2055**          5.25%          4.94%

*Yield to Worst (Call or Maturity) **Callable 3/1/35

Source: Bloomberg

This is an example of a new issue priced the week of 5/19/25

Prices, yields and availability subject to change

Your Bonds Need Your Help

February 5th, 2025 by Kurt L. Smith

Everyone seems to have some bonds. There are tens of trillions of dollars in bonds out there. The Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) puts the figure at $46 trillion in the United States and $119 trillion worldwide. Closer to home, municipal bonds now make up $4.2 trillion of the market, per the Federal Reserve, with individuals making up 70% of the market (about $3 trillion) according to Franklin Templeton.

As we discussed last month, investors in the bond markets own the market. Everyone’s portfolio looks like everyone else’s portfolio. When the municipal market started 2024 like a house on fire, everyone benefited. Year-to-date returns, per Bloomberg’s Municipal Bond Index, approached double digits through the first three quarters, only to lose almost all of it in the fourth quarter.

This is what happens when you are not investing with the trend. The trend for bonds is lower prices. I discussed for many months how trending markets will usually undergo a multi-month correction, and that is how I was describing 2024’s bond performance. Individuals piled into municipals, not realizing they were buying into a bond bear market and at the wrong time.

Investing in bonds the same way one has always invested in bonds is…, well you tell me. Look at your results over the past year, or three years, or five years. You are investing in a market in which the trend is down. And you are paying for the privilege, either a little, or a lot.

When it comes to bonds, it also does not matter what fund you own or who the manager is or what their past performance has been. You own bonds and in a bear market your performance is going to suffer. Since seemingly no one has determined that this is a bond bear market, I would say the greatest suffering is yet to come.

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Come On In

December 6th, 2024 by Kurt L. Smith

One of the sales pitches for buying bonds (albeit an effective one) these past few years has been to buy bonds because now they earn you something. But while everyone knows 3% or 4% is greater than 1% or 2%, it is hardly a reason to do something silly.

The fact that interest rates were once near zero and now they are not should give you pause. Higher interest rates are not a recipe for bond investment performance. It was the trend toward lower interest rates over three decades that provided the wind in the bond bull market’s sails. With the new trend of higher interest rates, bond investors face headwinds that crimp performance.

Taking a longer-term perspective may help. The “higher” interest rates we now have are like where they were ten years ago. We buy a number of bonds issued ten or so years ago, so I am reminded daily. It also explains why the Bloomberg Municipal Bond Total Return Index for the past ten years is 2.73%. On December 2, 2014, the Index stood at 1064 and last week on November 29, 2024, it was 1355 (all prices and yields per Bloomberg). This Index covers the long-term tax-exempt bond market across four main sectors: state and local general obligation bonds, revenue bonds, insured bonds and prerefunded bonds.

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Bonds Reverse on News

October 28th, 2024 by Kurt L. Smith

The Federal Reserve’s September 18th rate cut was the news. This move followed excitement for the cut as three-month treasury bill yields moved from about 5.40% in July to 4.75% on the 18th. Six-month treasury bills moved from 5.30% to about 4.50% in the same time frame (all yields and prices per Bloomberg). The Fed merely followed the markets, as expected.

While the short-term interest rates have largely held in since the cut, longer term bonds have tanked. Sell on the news indeed! Our bellwether poster child, the US treasury bond 1.25% of May 15, 2050, sold at just over 56 on September 17th and below 50 today, October 25th. This is essentially the same level the bond traded at on October 24th, 2022.

It is difficult to make money in a bear market. The first step needed is to recognize that this is the trend. We reached this point years ago, back in 2020 when the bellwether sold at twice its current price, near par. Most investors have failed to recognize this first step. They have done what most investors have done: they held and/or doubled down. Unfortunately, with respect to bonds, they have not held bonds which have treated them well.

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Fixin’ To

September 6th, 2024 by Kurt L. Smith

In late August we finally received the word from the mount on high. From his temporary perch at Jackson Hole, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell delivered his “time has come” speech. Treasury bills, the leader in all things short term, had obviously received advanced word as short-term interest rates broke to yearly lows.

Last month we noted treasury bills had fulfilled the requirements for a correction. We have long noted the key problem with corrections (like the problem with market tops) is it is tough to know how low low is (or how high high is). August brought us the strongest drop for yields in over a year as both three- and six-month bills hit new yearly lows. Chair Powell obviously noticed.

We are not treasury bill traders. Whether you are receiving a 2% taxable return on your cash in 2019 or 0% for the two years following the March 2020 beginning of the bond bear market, is not my primary concern. You would not have been happy then or even now when you are earning more. Selecting worthwhile municipal bonds is the key to your bond portfolio performance.

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Everyone (It Seems) Loves Municipals

May 29th, 2024 by Kurt L. Smith

After many months of expensive pricing relative to treasuries, municipal bond prices began to capitulate this week. Together with treasury price weakness, longer term municipal bond prices are breaking down with yields jumping upwards.

Last month we discussed that the bond market correction was hanging on by a thread. By mid-month it appeared the correction phase was intact as ten-year treasury yields moved from 4.73% on April 25th to 4.31% on May 16th (all prices and yields per Bloomberg). The spirited move saw some sympathy with two-year treasury notes (from 5% down to 4.70%), but just a few days later the two-year note is back to 4.95% on May 24th.

Remember, it is the shorter-term treasury yields that shape Federal Reserve policy, not the other way around. With short-term treasury bills and two-year notes at or near their highest yields for the year, this trend is not encouraging.

If there is such a thing in the bond market as everyone on one side of the boat, it is the duration trade. With yields on bonds at levels investors have not seen in years it seemed to make sense to buy some longer bonds to take advantage when the Federal Reserve lowers interest rates again. This could help explain bond prices rallying nicely in last year’s fourth quarter. Municipal bonds were trading about 75% of treasuries (ten-year maturity basis) to begin the move in October and later hit a record low of 57% in March, further amplifying municipal bonds bounce up in prices.

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NEWS FEED

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